GOTO RONCHI INDEX
Copyright – P. J.
Smith
But permission
is given to distribute this material in unaltered form as long as it is not
sold for profit.
Massive computing power, special needs
and stranger and stranger tests.
While some simple ingenious solutions appeared,
the main push was to special applications guided by a far better understanding
of wave optics.
Holographic tests and variations appeared. Some variants entirely eliminated the double
image usually associated with a Ronchi test.
Most of these are far too complex for casual use and often require
special components. The uses of phase
shifting techniques appear and is now common. Of course, a simple scan of the
Ronchi grating across a surface is an old technique used by experienced testers
which predates phase shifting methods.
Some of the techniques have been either used or
investigated by large companies – often doing government work – and the
information has sometimes been regarded as ‘in house’ information. This may appear in papers years after the
original work was done and often in sketchy form. Some is the result of the ‘Cold War’.
Some tests mentioned here are so far removed
from the original Ronchi test that it is hard to justify their inclusion. Usually the deciding feature is that the
test uses a grating (or single wire).
In some interferometric tests a grating is used
simply as a beam splitter. Casual
observation will relate it to a Ronchi test but closer examination often
rejects this classification.
I must admit that in some cases, interest rather
than a more careful classification has caused the inclusion of some of these
tests.
Newer computing methods were now available to
individuals.
Many of the developments are so specialized that
they have little relevance to ATM’s.
They are listed for completeness but few details are given except in
special cases of interest.
1970. A. Cornejo and D. Malacara, Appl. Opt. 9, 1897, (1970). "Ronchi Test of Aspherical Surfaces,
Analysis and Accuracy". Looks at
the sensitivity and expected accuracy.
Interesting.
1970. A. S. DeVany, Appl. Opt. 9, 1944 (1970). "Quasi-Ronchigrams as Mirror
Transitive Images of Interferograms"
Classifies Ronchi patterns for ease of qualitative surface
interpretation by opticians.
1970. H. Salzmann. Appl. Opt. 9, 1943, (1970). "A Simple Interferometer Based on the
Ronchi Test"
1970. A. S. DeVany. Appl. Opt. 9, 1219, (1970). "Supplement to: Some Aspects of
Interferometric Testing and Optical Figuring" Classifies Ronchi patterns for ease of qualitative surface
interpretation by opticians.
1970. A. S. DeVany. Appl. Opt. 9, 1720, (1970). Supplement to: Aberration Analysis by
Double Wire Testing"
1971. D. Malacara and A. Cornejo. Appl. Opt. 10, 679, (1971). "Modified Ronchi test to Measure the
Axial Chromatic Aberration in Lenses".
A simple and interesting idea.
May have some application.
1971. M. V. R. K. Murty. Bull. Opt. Soc. India. 5, 1,
(1971). "A
Simple Method of Introducing Tilt in the Ronchi and Cube Type Shearing
Interferometers". Not really about
Ronchi Testing but interpretation can be similar.
1971. S. Yokozeki and T. Suzuki. Appl. Opt. 10, 1575,
(1971).
"Shearing Interferometer Using the Grating as the
Beamsplitter"
1972. G. M. Popov. Izv. Krym. Astrofiz. Obs. 45, 188,
(1972).
"Methods of Calculation and Testing of Ritchey- Chretien
Systems". Interesting article which uses unequally spaced circular
gratings. When the surface is correct,
the Ronchi image is of equally spaced circles. See non linear gratings.
1972, Briers, J. D.
Opt Laser Technology 4, 28 – 41. “Interferometric Testing of Optical
Components: a Review”
1973. M. V. R. K Murty. Appl. Opt. 12, 2230, (1973). "Sharpening the Fringes in the Ronchi
Test" Uses gratings other than equal
dark-light spaces. See non linear gratings.
1973. J. C. Wyant. Appl. Opt. 12, 2057, (1973). "Double Frequency Grating Lateral
Shear Interforometer" Uses holographic techniques. Removes any overlapping images.
1973. D. Nyyssonen and J. M. Jerke. Appl. Opt. 12, 9,
2061, (1973). "Lens
Testing with a Simple Wavefront Shearing Interferometer" (Not about Ronchi testing but
interpretation methods are similar)
1974. D. Malacara and A. Cornejo. Appl. Opt. 13, 8,
1778, (1974). "Null
Ronchi Test for Aspherical Surfaces" Malacara places the ‘Mobsby’ grating
theory on correct footing. See non linear gratings.
1974. A. S. De Vany. 13, 2, 229, (1974). "Testing the Sphericity of Short
Radii Convex Surfaces" Describes a
microscope test rig for testing miniature convexes and concaves. A ronchi test is possible. See advanced set-ups.
1974. L. Ghozeil and J. E. Simmons. 13, 8, 1773,
(1974).
"Screen Test for Large Mirrors" (Hartmann like square grid is related in many ways to Ronchi
Tests). See non linear gratings
for a little more information.
1974. A. S. De Vany. 13, 8, 1737, (1974). "Eight Way Classification of
Interferential Fringes - Supplement"
More classisfications to make interpretation of Ronchi patterns easy for
the optician. De Vany gets carried away
with this.
1974. De Vany's - Ball Bearing
Sources in conjunction with a Ronchi Grating to assess optical systems. It is impossible here to use a
Grating/Grating test. A useful
technique. See pinhole sources for more information.
1977. George W. Hopkins and Richard N. Shagam. Appl.
Optic. 16, 10, 2602, (1977).
"Null Ronchi Grating from Spot Diagrams". An interesting
technique for designing Mobsby gratings using a raytracing program. Since this is more readily available now the
technique is of interest. It can be
extended to all of the non linear gratings.
See non linear gratings for
more details.
1978. De Vany. Appl. Optic. 17, 19, (1978). "Profiling Pitch
Polishers". Methods of interpreting
Ronchi tests and figuring via lap modification. He preferred a Slit/Grating in
this application but also mentioned the possibilities
of a Grating/Grating test.
1978. Daniel Malacara and Michel Josse. Appl. Optic.
17, 1, (1978).
"Testing of Aspherical Lenses using Side Band Ronchi
Test".
1979. De Vany Appl. Optic. 18, 5, (1979). Testing Schmidt Cassegrains and mentions
that if a Slit source is used, assessment may use either a Ronchi grid or a
Knife edge. Old methods revisited but
useful knowledge.
1979, Briers, J. D.
Opt Laser Technology 11, 189 - 196. “Ronchi Test
Formula : Theory”. Excellent article covering most aspects of Ronchi testing
especially relating to interpretation of each aberration. This is extended in the next reference.
1972, Briers, J. D.
Opt Laser Technology 11, 245 - 257. “Ronchi Test
Formula 2 : Practical Formula and Experimental Verification”. Actually form defects on surfaces and test
both by interferometric and Ronchi.
Gives methods of quantitatively estimating surface defects from
Ronchigrams. This is the basis of my
program RonchiEstimates. See software.
1981. J. Schwinder. Appl. Optic. 20, 15, (1981). "Single Sideband Ronchi Tests".
1981. De Vany
Appl. Optic. Mainly about interpretation of
Ronchigrams.
1984. Kevin G. Harding and Steven Cartwright. Appl.
Optic. 23, 10, 1517, (1984).
"Phase Grating use in Moire Interferometry".
1986. Krzysztof Patorski and
Alejandro-Cornejo-Rodriguez. Appl. Optic. 25, 16, 2790, (1986). "Fringe Contrast Interpretation for
an Extended Source Ronchi Test".
1986. Krzysztof Patorski. Appl. Optic. 25, 22, 4192,
(1986). "Grating
Shearing Interferometer with Variable Shear and Fringe Orientation".
1986. Krzysztof Patorski and
Alejandro-Cornejo-Rodriguez. Appl. Optic. 25, 13, 2031, (1986). "Ronchi Test with Daylight
Illumination". This simply
mentions how part of a a grating may be backed with white paper or Alfoil and
used in daylight in the grating/grating mode.
Actually is a rehash of Lincoln
Davis’s method reported in 1935
by Ingalls, Scientific American, Mar 1935.
1989. Qing-Shin Ru et al. Appl. Optic. 28, 15, 3350, (1989). "Constant Radial Shearing
Interferometry with Circular Gratings".
1990 Qing-Shin Ru et al. Appl. Optic. 29, 22, 3255, (1990) "Ronchi Test and a New Phase Reduction
Algorithm".
1990 Jen-An Lin, T. Yeh. and S. W. HsAlberto
Cordero-Davila et al. Appl. Optic. 29,
31, 4618, (1990)
"Null
Hartmann and Ronchi-Hartmann Tests". Interesting. See non
linear gratings.
1990 Alberto Cordero-Davila et al. Appl. Optic. 29, 31, 4618, (1990). "Null Hartmann and Ronchi-Hartmann
Tests". Interesting. See non linear gratings.
1990 Alberto Cordero-Davila et al. Appl. Optic. 29, 25, 3633, (1990). "Analysis of the Interferometric
Ronchi Test".
1990. Qing-Shin Ru et al. Appl. Optic. 29, 22, 3255, (1990). "Ronchi Test and a New Phase
Reduction Algorithm".
1992. Alberto Cordero-Davila et al. Appl. Optic. 31, 13, 2370, (1992). "Ronchi and Hartmann Tests with the
Same Mathematical Theory". Very
interesting. It views Ronchi and
Hartman masks as complimentary using a common mathematical analysis for both. This is a fertile field of experiment for
alternatives to a Mobsby Grating. See non linear gratings for some more
details.
1992. Kuppaswamy Venkatesan et al. Appl. Optic. 31, 28, 5984, (1992). "Direct Determination of Focal Length
by Using Talbot Interferometry".
1995. Cordero, Luna et al. Appl. Optic. AUNAM, RT - 95 - 02, (1995). "Evaluation de la Calidad de la
Imagen del Telescopio de 2.1 m"
Uses a regularly spaced array of holes in conjunction with a pinhole.
1997. Masud
Mansuripur. A brief look
at the Ronchi Test on the 100th anniversary of Ronchi's birth. Uses simulations to show typical Ronchi
images using both fine and coarse grids.
Published on the web.
1998. Cordero and Davila et al. Appl. Optic. 37, 4,
672, (1998). "Ronchi
Test with a Square Grid".
Describes a two dimensional Ronchi Test using a 2D Ronchi Grid. The reduction of surface errors over the
entire aperture is discussed. For the type of patterns involved see woven gratings.
1998. L. J.
Fellows and S. Gungor. Meas. Sci.
Technol. 9, 1963-1969, (1998).
"Fabrication of Photoresist Diffraction Gratings"
GOTO RONCHI INDEX