A list of references on Ronchi testing or closely related matters.
GOTO RONCHI INDEX
Copyright – P. J.
Smith
But permission is
given to distribute this material in unaltered form as long as it is not sold
for profit.
COMMENTS
There is much from other fields relevant to Ronchi
testing. For this reason, decisions had to be made whether to include
references or not. For example,
material will also be found under Shearing Interferometers but, since these
usually use prisms instead of Gratings, I have left most of these out. Interpretation of results is, however,
similar.
Wire and double wire tests I have included although
some bear little relation to Ronchi Tests. One reason they have been included
is to help place in perspective the historical sequence of many tests. It might have been interesting to include
Foucault references as well to place all of this in a historical perspective,
but there are so many of these as to make matters very confusing.
A few other references have been included about
related matter I found interesting.
While a large number of these sources have been
examined, many of the early ones are totally inaccessible to me. A comprehensive list is given below in the
hope that someone may one day delve more into the early non-English material on
Ronchi testing. In particular, it would
be very interesting to investigate material by Lenouvel, Yvon and Schulz
written in the 1920’s.
The main sources of information available to me were:-
(a) A University
Library with copies of JOSA, Applied Optics, Journal of Scientific Instruments. Unfortunately, these begin at approximately
1950 or even a little later. I know of
no free source of this material apart from this library material. Any other references to this material would
cost exorbitant fees to me.
(b) ATM material in my
possession. The ATM books 1, 2, and 3
span many of the years when the Ronchi test became known in the English
speaking countries and was undergoing development.
(c) The Scientific
American columns. This is fertile
ground, especially as this material has been republished on CD and is
searchable. While this material is
remarkable, it probably should be used with caution. Since it was primarily a commercial enterprise for popular science,
it makes no pretence about rigorously providing references and acknowledgements. Often articles were published or topics
simply allured to by the editor many years later. It is mainly a chat column that is unfortunately very much
controlled by the editor and his close friends. Despite being extremely influential in the directions of Amateur
Telescope Making in all countries, the outlook of the Editor of the column was
decidedly insular with respect to much of the global optical industry. Despite this, one must recognise how
seminal was this source of knowledge and communication to ATM’s in
general. Since many of these advanced
ATM’s were later transformed into professionals by the huge expansion of the
optical industry due to wartime demand, this influence extended even further.
(d) RAS publications,
The Astrophysical Journal, etc. These
have been grouped separately because they are all accessible via the NASA web
document service. These are available
free which is a service very much appreciated.
Much of the early important work appears in these journals.
(e) Material gained
over the years from friends, books and experience that I simply can not now
substantiate.
(f) Direct
experiments, measurements, and photographs etc. that have been undertaken over
the last few years.
Despite any errors on my part, and a less than
comprehensive review of the references below, I believe the material and
conclusions presented in previous chapters to be substantially correct.
ORDER
References are presented in chronological order. This may be criticised but maintains a chronology
otherwise lacking.
In a few cases, articles refer to a much older
publication. If there are major quotes
from the earlier article it is listed under this date. It is poor research practice to ‘quote’
articles second hand. Unfortunately, I
have no choice. Nor do I gain any reward for sticking to rules so must simply
accept any criticism.
A huge amount of relevant early material is in
Italian. This is inaccessible to me, as
is also the early French and German works.
No history would be complete without reference to this material but,
again, I have no choice. I notice
Malacara makes the same excuse so I am in good company. It is, however, quite lamentable, and I hope
someone will one day remedy the situation.
Throughout other chapters I will refer to these
references by date and first author, i.e.
1979, De Vany. Thus, a
historic perspective will be maintained by the reader even if he does not look
up the details. Reference to this list
will then locate the source. In the
case of possible confusion, more specific information will be given.
Since any pre Foucault references are rare, I have
included them although this material has little relevance to the Ronchi
test. If nothing else, they set the
scene and show early directions.
1738. Compleat
System of Opticks, published at Cambridge, England, in 1738. Robert Smith
gave instructions for speculum making that were destined to be the beginner's
guide for Herschel the amateur 35 years later. To find the center of curvature
of a speculum Smith's method was to set it on edge opposite a candle. Selecting
a tiny pinhole near the edge of the tin, he shifted candle and tin until he
could simultaneously focus in the eyepiece the edge of the tin and the image of
the pinhole reflected from the speculum. How he then tested the speculum is
described in his book. . Reported by Ingalls,
Scientific American, Oct 1949.
1773. Constance A.
Lubbock, in The Herschel Chronicle tells how Herschel uses Zonal testing with
masks. Reported by Ingalls,
Scientific American, Oct 1949.
1777. How Mudge used
masks was described in the same periodical, Volume 67, page 335, in a paper
that Mudge delivered in March, 1777. He placed a separating mask having one
eighth the diameter of the mirror opposite a zone midway between the center and
the edge, and tested first the inner zone and then the outer one both for
definition and for coincidence of focus. If the two images were equally sharp
and of equal focus "the speculum," he said, "is perfect and of true
parabolic curve." . Reported by Ingalls,
Scientific American, Oct 1949.
1840. Lord Oxmanton,
the third Earl of Rosse, born William Parsons. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London,
Volume 130, Part 2 (1840). hods of
testing telescope mirrors is from the, in which describes his method of testing
as used on a 36-inch speculum. Describes how
the dial plate of a watch is suspended from a high tower, face downward.
At the bottom of the same tower is the speculum, face up on its machine. Lord
Rosse used masks "as Mudge did." .
Reported by Ingalls, Scientific American, Oct 1949.
1859. Leon Foucault described the "Foucault test" . REPORTED by Ingalls, Scientific American, Oct 1949.
1861. William Herschel's son Sir John, in his Encyclopaedia Britannica article on the telescope, reprinted as a book, The Telescope, in 1861, briefly outlines Foucault's "peculiar method." But he prefers the diffraction-ring test , supplemented by his father's test of matching-three zones for focus on the stars, and the watch-dial test of Lord Rosse. REPORTED by Ingalls, Scientific American, Oct 1949.
1887. With, the English professional, wrote the following about a mirror: "Among my choicest of the choicest, I find one recorded thus: '8lh focus 5 feet 3 inches. Absolute Perfection; Not for Sale.'" F. J. Hargreaves, Britain's foremost optician, who was once an amateur, states in the Journal of the British Astronomical Association that With had no knowledge of Foucault's knife-edge test. Hargreaves found in 1941 that this mirror "gave images as nearly perfect as any I have ever seen, even with a magnification of 500 diameters." He tested it by the Foucault method and found that it "showed no imperfection, apart from a narrow turned-down edge." REPORTED by Ingalls, Scientific American, Oct 1949.
1920. R. V. Occhialini. Riv. Ottica. meccan. precis. 1, 99 (1920)
1920-21. W. Shackelton. Trans. Opt. Soc. 22, 167,
(1920-21)
"The
Testing of Heliograph Mirrors and the Measurement of Mirrors of Long Focal Length"
1922. V. Ronchi, Riv. Ottica. meccan. precis. 2, 19,
(1922)
1922. V. Ronchi, Riv. Ottica. meccan. precis. 2, 9,
(1923)
1923. V. Ronchi. Ann. Scuola Normale Superiore di
Pisa. 15, (1923)
Ronchi's
original paper on Ronchi Test. Unknown exact Page or title ?
1923. Y. Vaisala. Ann. Fenn. Aboensis Sarja Ser. A 1,
No. 2, (1923)
"Neue
Methoden zur Untersuchung der Objektive"
(New Method
of Testing Objectives)
1923. V. Ronchi. Rend. Accad. Naz. Lincei 32, 162,
(1923)
1923. V. Ronchi. L'Universo. 4, 10, (1923)
1923. V. Ronchi. Rend. Accad. Naz. Lincei 32, 339,
(1923)
1924. V, Ronchi. Rend. Accad. Naz. Lincei. 33, 23,
(1924)
1924. V. Ronchi. L'Universo, 5, 2, (1924)
1924
V. Ronchi. Rend. Accad. Naz. Lincei. 33, 314, (1924)
1924. V. Ronchi. Nuovo Cimento 1, 209, (1924)
1924. L. Lenouvel. Rev. Opt. 3, 211, (1924)
1925. V. Ronchi. La Prova dei Sistemi Ottici
(Zanichelli, Bologna, (1925)
1925. V. Ronchi. Nuovo Cimento 2, 1, (1925)
1925. V. Ronchi. Nuovo Cimento 2, 517, (1925)
1925. V. Ronchi. Rend. Accad. Naz. Lincei. 1, 659,
(1925)
1925. V. Ronchi. Rend. Accad. Naz. Lincei. 2, 257,
(1925)
1925. V. Ronchi. Rend. Accad. Naz. Lincei. 2, 319,
(1925)
1925. L. Lenouvel. Rev. Opt. 4, 294, (1925)
1925. L. Lenouvel. Rev. Opt. 4, 299, (1925)
1925, G. Yvon. Rev. Opt. 4, 353, (1925)
1926. V. Ronchi. Rend. Accad. Naz. Lincei. 3, 680,
(1926)
1926. V. Ronchi. Rend. Accad. Naz. Lincei. 1, 569,
(1926)
1926. V. Ronchi. Z. Physik. 37, 732, (1926)
1926. V. Ronchi. Rev. Opt. 5, 441, (1926)
1926. V. Ronchi. Z. Instrumentenk. 46, 553, (1926)
1926. C. V. Raman and S. K. Datta. Trans. Opt. Soc.
27, 51, (1926)
1927. G. B. Pacella. Rend. Accad. Naz. Lincei. 5, 752,
(1927)
1927. V. Ronchi. Nuovo Cimento. 4, 297, (1927)
1927. V. Ronchi. Nuovo Cimento. 4, 343, (1927)
1928. J. Jentzsch, Phys. Z. 24, 66, (1928)
"Die
Rastermethode, ein Verfahren zur Demonstration und Messubg der Spharischen
Aberration".
1928. G. Schulz. Annal. Physik. 35, 189, (1928)
1928. V. Ronchi. Rev. Opt. 7, 49, (1928)
1928. V. Ronchi. Z. Physik. 46, 594, (1928)
1928. V. Ronchi. Lezioni di Ottica Fisica (Zanichelli,
Bologna), (1928)
1929. J. A. Anderson and R.W Porter, Astrophys. J. 70,
175, 175, (1929)
"Ronchi's
Method of Optical Testing"
1929. V. Ronchi. Z. Physik. 55, 717, (1929)
1930. V. Ronchi. Rend. Accad. Naz. Lincei. 11, 998,
(1930)
1930. V. Ronchi. Nuovo Cimento. 7, 248, (1930)
1930. F. Scandone. Nuovo Cimento. 7, 289, (1930)
193? De Vany used
a square grid at the focus of a Schmidt.
1933?Alan R Kirkham (Amateur Telescope Makers and
Astronomers of Tacoma) had an article
accepted for publication in Scientific American (which
is reprinted in ATM1, p264)
1931. V. Ronchi. Nuovo Cimento. 8, 265, (1931)
1931. F. Scandone. Nuovo Cimento. 8, 157, (1931)
1931. F. Scandone. Nuovo Cimento. 8, 310, (1931)
1931. F. Scandone. Nuovo Cimento. 8, 378, (1931)
1931. Ingalls, Scientific American, reported Jan 1945. Daniel E. McGuire, a Shadyside, Ohio,
farm lad then 17, hit on the use of a slit in place of a pinhole
1932. F. Scandone. Boll. Assoc. Ottica. Ital. 6, 35,
(1932)
1932. Ingalls. Albert. Scientific American, July 1932.
1932. R. Bruscaglioni. Rend. Accad. Naz. Lincei. 15,
70, (1932)
1932. F. Villani ans R. Bruscaglioni. Nuovo Cimento.
9, 1, (1932)
1932. R. Bruscaglioni. Boll. Assoc. Ottica. Ital. 6,
46, (1932)
1932. Ingalls,
Scientific American, Jun, 1932.
1932 Franklin
B. Wright developed a formula to calculate Ronchi band shapes which was
published later in Amateur Telescope Making-Advanced, page 108. Reported
by Ingalls, Scientific American, Nov 1948.
1933. R. Bruscaglioni. Boll. Assoc. Ottica. Ital. 7,
78, (1933)
1933. R. Bruscaglioni. Boll. Assoc. Ottica. Ital. 7,
100, (1933)
1933. R. Crino. Boll. Assoc. Ottica. Ital. 7, 113,
(1933)
193? Other early ideas were by Franklin B Wright and
Loren L Shumaker, some of which were
published in the USA at much the same time. Material forgotten.
1934. J. H. King, JOSA, 24, 250, (1934) "A Quantitative Optical Test for
Telescope Mirrors and Lenses".
Reprinted in one of the ATM books.
1934. Ingalls. Albert. Scientific American, Apr 1934. Reports Shumaker, Dr. J. A. Anderson of the Mount Wilson Observatory and Franklin B. Wright worked out methods of making the Ronchi test quantitative.
1934. Ingalls, Scientific American Dec 1934. Reports that Alan Kirkham recommends
Ronchi testing of rifle
telescopic sights objectives and erecting lenses. He specifies that the bands
curve the opposite way from mirror testing.
1935. Ingalls, Scientific American Jan 1935. Reports that Alan Kirkham recommends
Ronchi testing of rifle
telescopic sights objectives and erecting lenses. He specifies that the bands
curve the opposite way from mirror testing.
1935. Ingalls, Scientific American, Mar 35. Reports a Lincoln Davis performed variations of the Ronchi test in broad daylight, or with any ordinary unshielded lamp by placing a piece of ruled celluloid over a white card having a hole in it, to look through. Alternatnly, a grating was made by winding some fine wire. The wires facing the mirror were polished, with the side to face the eye blackened. In this case the polished wires act as very bright sources, with the added advantage that these sources and the point of observation are practically coincident, eliminating parallax effects.
1935. Ingalls, Scientific American,
May 35.
Reoorts that the first published account of making the Ronchi test quantitative
was that of J. H. King in JOSA, Sep, 1934 but
that Loren L. Shumaker and Alan R. Kirkham also worked out
methods. Kirkham’s method was sent to
Ingalls a year earlier but was mislaid and not published in Scientific
American. In essence his method was to
adjust the grating so that two bands at the center of the disk are 1 inch apart
(say) and mark the position. Then move the grating back so that the bands are 1
inch apart at the rim. The movement should match the calculated value. This is
in essence the method used by some advocates of the ‘Matching Ronchi Test’
today.
1935. Ingalls, Scientific American, Nov 1935. Describes how a Benjamin J
Phillips was using a single hair in place of the Ronchi grating I conjunction
with a pinhole. He also mentions that a
comb may be used as a Ronchi grating – also that the Ronchi test was
particularly valuable for deeper mirrors.
1936. Ingalls, Scientific American, Apr, 1936.
Ingalls lists comprehensive results of experiments by
Horace Selby where he compares the sensitivity and usefulness of Ronchi and
Foucault on surfaces ranging from F:1 to F:12 in direct and null tests. He deliberately polished grooves with a very
small lap in the surfaces and used a 120 wire grating. His conclusions indicated superiority in
some cases. Everest seems to favour the
Foucault test in all cases.
July 36. Ingalls, Scientific American.
Ingalls indicates that Ronchi himself may have been the first to make
the Ronchi test quantitative. He makes
no attempt to research original publications to substantiate this, however.
July 36. Ingalls, Scientific American.
Ingalls describes how in about 1933, Alan R. Kirkham suggested a test in which the pinhole is placed at the focus of a paraboloid, the rays being reflected as parallel rays and received by another paraboloid, then brought to focus and cut by the knife-edge. This was published only as a multigraphed sheet which not everyone saw. Subsequently, three others conceived the same idea and one of them eventually received the credit.
193?
Searchlight mirrors tested by a grid at the focus before acceptance by
the French Navy. Probably from Charles
Deve in Optical Workshop Principles – a translation of his original French book
published in 1949.
1936. Ingalls, Scientific American, May 1936. Ingalls passes on comments
about the first photographs taken with Harold Lower's (and his father,
Charles Lower) Schmidt. This is an
historic telescope which was tested with a variation of the Ronchi test.
1936. Ingalls, Scientific American, Nov 1936. Ingalls describes comments from Hari Charan, Calcutta about a mirror figured using tests including a test with a Ronchi grating of 10 hairs per 1/10 inch.
1937. Ingalls, Scientific American, Aug 1937. Ingalls describes Professor Yeagley’s tester
from correspondence about a year ago.
It includes a slit for use with the Foucault and Ronchi test. The Ronchi grating is 175 wires per inch and
may be mounted in an eyepiece. The slit
is made by making a scratch across a piece of aluminised glass.
1938. R. Crino. Ottica. 3, 304, (1938)
1938. R. Calamai. Ottica. 3, 41, (1938)
1938. R. L. Wallard. J. Sci. Instr. 15, 339, (1938)
Made a Schmidt using a Slit at the focus as a source which was re-imaged via a
refractor through a Ronchi Grid made of 120 wires per inch. This is especially about examining an
unpolished surface smeared with oil. He
went on to make a 30/36 inch Schmidt for St. Andrews University, Scotland. Some
testing was via an oil flat in autocollimation when he used Grating/Grating.
1938. John Strong.
"Proceedings in Experimental Physics", p 77 - 78
Uses both Grating/Grating and Slit/Grating variations
depending on the optics under test.
1938. Ingalls, Scientific American, Jun
1938 Ingalls reports on Kirkham’s use of a Ronchi grating when testing
eyepieces. This is extended to quantitative measurements of Spherical
aberration.
1938. HW and LA Cox.
Journal of the British Astronomicaql Society. 48, 308-313, (1938) "The Construction of a Schmidt
Camera". This describes
construction of a Schmidt camera. Used
a Slit and a Grating.
1938. Ingalls, Scientific American, Nov 1938.
Ingalls refers to the Ronchi test being used during figuring a sphere.
"
1939. Ingalls, Scientific American Apr 1939
Ingalls
refers to the recognition of amateurs such as H. A. Lower and Arthur De Vany by
professionals. Their pioneering work on
Schmidt construction by Ronchi testing was behind this success. (see under
later reference).
1939 HW and LA Cox.
Journal of the British Astronomical Society. 50, 61-68, (1939) Placed a slit at the focus of a Schmidt and
observed the image by eye through the front.
He used a straight edge to aid interpretation and points out that this
is essentially the same as a method used by De Vany which used a square grid at
the focus of the Schmidt.
1939. R. Platzeck and E. Gaviola. JOSA. 29, 484,
(1939) "On the Errors of Testing
and a New Method of Surveying optical Surface and Systems"
1939. Di. Jorio. Ottica. 4, 31, (1939)
1939. Di. Jorio. Ottica. 4, 83, (1939)
1939. E. Ricci. Ottica. 4, 104, (1939)
1939. B. Crino. Ottica. 4, 114, (1939)
1939. Di. Jorio. Ottica. 4, 184, (1939)
1939. R. Bruscaglioni. Ottica. 4, 204, (1939)
1939. Di. Jorio. Ottica. 4, 254, (1939)
1939. Ingalls, Scientific American Aug 1939.
Ingalls reports on testing correcting plates.
Uses light beam on small silvered glass bead as pinhole.
1940. G. Bocchino. Ottica. 5, 219, (1940)
1940. V. Ronchi. Ottica. 5, 275, (1940)
1940. G. Bocchino. Ottica. 5, 286, (1940)
1940. V. Ronchi. Lezioni di Ottica Ondulatoria
(Zanichelli, Bologna), (1940)
1940. Ingalls, Scientific American, Dec
1940 Ingalls reports on people relying on estimating shadows without zonal testing
– resulting in poor mirrors.
1941. P. Pallitino. Ottica. 6, 26, (1941)
1941. G. Toraldo di Francia. Ottica. 6, 151, (1941)
1941. G. Toraldo di Francia. Ottica. 6, 258, (1941)
1941. Ingalls, Scientific American, Jan
1941. Ingalls reports on testing a Wright corrector.
1941. Ingalls, Scientific American, Aug 1941. Ingalls reports on the difference between
professionals and amateurs. One tests at Centre of curvature, the other at
focus using some null test. Each considers the other peculiar.
1941. Ingalls, Scientific American, Aug, 1941. Ingalls
reports of a description by Eugene G. Brown of the Detroit
Astronomical Society of a reflection null for extremely short mirrors which is
now often called the Waineo Null test. Brown adds that Ralph Tozer of Detroit
is the first there who used the test described above.
1941. Ingalls, Scientific American, Aug, 1941. Ingalls
reports C. M. Davenport and W. S. Bohlman uses piped-in
light for testing both as a pinhole and ronchi source.
1942. Di. Jorio. Ottica. 7, 243, (1942)
1942. G. Toraldo di Francia. Ottica. 7, 282, (1942)
1942. G. Toraldo di Francia. Ottica. 7, 304, (1942)
1942. Di. Jorio. Ottica. 7, 314, (1942)
1942. Ingalls, Scientific American. Mar 1942.
1942. 1942. Ingalls, Scientific American, March 1942. Ingalls reports on Dr. Struves use of a Ronchigram for confirmation of progress in parabolizing very large observatory mirrors.
1942. Ingalls, Scientific American Apr, 1942. Ingalls
reports of the superb quality of the 82" mirror of the
McDonald Observatory. The Ronchi test
was one of many used.
1942. Ingalls,
Scientific American, May 1942. Ingalls reports on testing a large corrector
plate and the movement of amateurs into the ranks of professionals such as Cox
and McGuire.
1943. G. Toraldo di Francia. Ottica. 8, 1, (1943)
1943. Di. Jorio. Ottica. 8, 92, (1943)
1943. G. Toraldo di Francia. Ottica. 8, 225, (1943)
1943. Di. Jorio. Ottica. 8, 288, (1943)
1943. G. Bocchino. Ottica. 8, 310, (1943)
1943. Ingalls, Scientific American, Jun 1942. Ingalls
reports the use of a mercury sphere as source during testing.
JUNE 43
1943. Ingalls, Scientific American, Aug 1943. Ingalls
reports on testing for turned down edge comparing sensitivity of the Ronchi
test.
1944. Ingalls,
Scientific American, May 1944. Ingalls reports on concave
grating mirrors used in a Fabry- Pérot interferometer which were supposedly
shown to be accurate to 1/50 wavelength by a Ronchigram. Some of these optics were for Neils Bohr.
1945. Ingalls, Scientific American, Jan 1945. by Albert
G. Ingalls
January, 1945
1947. G. Toraldo di Francia. Atti. Fond. G. Ronchi 2,
25, (1947)
1947. G. Toraldo di Francia. Atti. Fond. G. Ronchi 2,
89, (1947)
1948. L. G. Schulz. JOSA. 38, 432, (1948)
1948. Ingalls, Scientific American, Nov 1948. Ingalls reports on arguments about the curvature seen on the Ronchi bands. This started George P. Arnold a graduate student in physics, on a hunt for a general formula by means of which the exact shape of the bands for a mirror of given specifications may be worked out in advance for the particular Ronchi grating used. He found one which he says will do the trick with fewer pains than may at first appear. The formula was developed independently of the method and related formula that are alluded to in Amateur Telescope Making-Advanced, page 108. That approach was developed in 1932 by Franklin B. Wright.
The formula was developed independently of the method and related formula that are alluded to in Amateur Telescope Making-Advanced, page 108. That approach was developed in 1932 by Franklin B. Wright.
1949. D. H. Rank, P. R. Yoder, Jr., and J. Vrabel,
JOSA. 39, 36, (1949) "Sensitivity
of a Rapid Test for High Speed Parabolic Mirrors"
1949. Ingalls, Scientific American, Jun 1949. Ingalls reports on Waland’s use of an oil flat
combined with a and Ronchi test.
1949. Ingalls, Scientific American, Oct 1949. Ingalls describes many very
early testing techniques predating the Foucault test.
1953. H. S. Coleman and H. E. Rosenberg. JOSA.
43, 813 (1953). "The
Grating Interferometer"
1954. H. A. Lower. ATM 2. Albert G. Ingalls - Ed. p 410.
"Notes on the Construction of an F/1 Schmidt Camera"
1954. J. B. Saunders.
JOSA. 44, 664, (1954).
"An Improved Optical test for Spherical Aberration"
1954. V. Ronchi. Corco di Ottica Tecnica (Assiciazione
Ottica Italiana, Firenze, 2nd ed.), 1954
1959. P. Erdos. JOSA, 49, 865, 1959. "Ronchi Test of Fifth Order
Aberrations"
1958. C. Morais.
Atti. Fond. Giorgio Ronchi Contrib. 1st Naz. Ottica, 13, 546, (1958)
"Riassunto del Applicazioni dei Reticoliallo Studio delle
Aberrazoni dei Sistemi Ottica"
(About the
Applcations of Gratings to the study of the Aberrations of Optical Systems)
1958. V. Ronchi. Atti. Fond. Giorgio Ronchi Contrib.
1st Naz. Ottica 13, 368, (1958).
"An Elementary Introduction to the Use of the Grating
Interferometer".
1958. A. A. Sherwood. J. Br. Astron. Assoc. 68, 180,
(1958). "A Quantitative Analysis
of the Ronchi Test in Terms of Ray Optics"
1959. A. A. Sherwood. J. Proc. R. Soc. NSW. Aust.
93(43?), 19, (1959). "Ronchi
Test Charts for Parabolic Mirrors".
1959. E. Lumley. Amateur Astronomers. (Sydney), (1959)
1958. P. R. Yoder, Jr., JOSA. 49, 439, (1959). Further Analysis of the 'Lower' Test for
High Speed Parabolic Mirrors"
(The "Lower" test is another name for placing a slit or
grating at F and viewing through the front of the telescope)
1960. I. Acachi, Atti Fond. Giorgio Ronchi Contrib.
1st. Naz Ottica 15, 461 (1960).
"Quantitative Measurement of Aberration by Ronchi Test"
1960. I. Acachi, Atti Fond. Giorgio Ronchi, Contrib.
1st. Naz Ottica 15, 550 (1960),
"Quantitative Measurement of Aberration by Ronchi Test" (cont.)
1960. E. Lumley.
Atto Fond, Giorgio Ronchi Contrib. 1st Naz. Ottica, 15, 457,
(1960). "A Method of Making a
Ronchi Test on an Aspheric Mirror"
1960. A. A. Sherwood. Atti. Fond. Giorgio Ronchi
Contrib. 1st Naz. Ottica. 15, 340, (1960).
"Ronchi Test Charts for Parabolic Mirrors".
196. E. Lumley. Sky & Telesc. 22, 298,
(1961). "Figuring a
Paraboloidwith the Ronchi Test"
1961. D. Malacara.
Appl. Opt. 4, 1371, (1965).
"Geometrical Ronchi Test of Aspherical Mirrors"
1962. I. Acachi, Atti Fond. Giorgio Ronchi,
Contrib, 1st. Naz Ottica 17, 252
(1962) "The Recent History of Grating Interferometer and Its
Appliocations"
1962. V. Ronchi. Atti. Fond. Giorgio Ronchi Contrib.
1st Naz. Ottica. 17, 93, (1962) and 17, 240, (1962)
"Forty
Years of Gratings".
1962. R. Wehn.
Atti. Fond. Giorgio Ronchi Contrib. 1st Naz. Ottica. 17, 39,
(1962). "Die Methode der
Ronchi-Gitter in der Praxis" (The
Method of the Ronchi - Ruling in Practice)
1963. I. Acachi, Atti Fond. Giorgio Ronchi. 1st. Naz Ottica 18, 344 (1963) "The
Diffraction Theory of the Ronchi Test"
1963. I. Acachi, Atti Fond. Giorgio Ronchi. 1st. Naz Ottica 18, 344 (1963) "The
Diffraction Theory of the Ronchi Test"
1963. F. W. Phillips. Sky & Telescope. 25, 110,
(1963). "Aspherizing and Other
Problems in making Maksutov Telescopes"
1963. R. E. Cox. Sky & Telesc. 25, 114, (1963). "The Hot Wire Foucault Test"
1963. Jurgen R. Meyer. et al. Appl. Optic. 2, 1, 77,
(1963). "Angular Measurements by
Means of a Ronchi Grating"
1964. V. Ronchi. Appl. Opt. 3, 437, (1964). "Forty Years of History of a Grating
Interferometer"
1964. G. Vogl. Appl. Opt. 3, 1089, (1964). "A Phases Grating
Interferometer"
1965. A. S. DeVany, Appl. Opt. 4, 831 (1965). "Some Aspects of Interferometric Testing
and Optical Figuring"
1965. D. Malacara.
Bol. Obs. Tonantzintla Tacubaya, 27, 73, (1965). "Ronchi Test and Transversal
Aberrations".
1965. V. R. K Murty and A. H. Shoemaker. Appl. Opt. 5,
2, 323, (1965). "Theory of
Concentric Circular Grid"
1965. V. Ronchi. Appl. Opt. 4, 1041, (1965). "On the Phase Grating
Interferometer"
1965. Daniel Malacara. Appl. Opt. 4, 11, 1371, (1965). "Geometrical Ronchi Test of Aspherical Nirrors"
1965. Journal of Scientific Instruments. 4, 42, 825,
(1965). "The Production of
Uniform Slits by Electro-Erosion of Razor Blades.
1966. A. S. De Vany.
Appl. Opt. 5, 6, 867, (1966).
"A Universal Tester"
1966. M. V. R. K. Murty and A. H. Showmaker. Appl. Opt. 5, 323 (1966). "Theory of Concentric Circular Grid"
1967. A. S. DeVany.
Appl. Opt. 6, 1073, (1967).
"Spherical Aberration Analysis by Double Wire Testing"
1968. G. L. Miles.
Appl. Opt. 7, 5, 976, (1968).
"The Production of Fresnel and Sine Wave Plates"
1970. A. Cornejo and D. Malacara, Appl. Opt. 9, 1897, (1970). "Ronchi Test of Aspherical Surfaces, Analysis and
Accuracy".
1970. A. S. DeVany, Appl. Opt. 9, 1944 (1970). "Quasi-Ronchigrams as Mirror
Transitive Images of Interferograms"
1970. H. Salzmann. Appl. Opt. 9, 1943, (1970). "A Simple Interferometer Based on the Ronchi Test"
1970. A. S. DeVany. Appl. Opt. 9, 1219, (1970). "Supplement to: Some Aspects of
Interferometric Testing and Optical Figuring"
1970. A. S. DeVany. Appl. Opt. 9, 1720, (1970). Supplement to: Aberration Analysis by
Double Wire Testing"
1971. D. Malacara and A. Cornejo. Appl. Opt. 10, 679, (1971). "Modified Ronchi test to Measure the
Axial Chromatic Aberration in Lenses".
1971. M. V. R. K. Murty. Bull. Opt. Soc. India. 5, 1,
(1971). "A Simple Method of
Introducing Tilt in the Ronchi and Cube Type Shearing Interferometers".
1971. S. Yokozeki and T. Suzuki. Appl. Opt. 10, 1575,
(1971). "Shearing Interferometer
Using the Grating as the Beamsplitter"
1972. G. M. Popov. Izv. Krym. Astrofiz. Obs. 45, 188,
(1972). "Methods of Calculation
and Testing of Ritchey- Chretien Systems".
1972, Briers, J. D.
Opt Laser Technology 4, 28 – 41. “Interferometric Testing of Optical
Components: a Review”
1973. M. V. R. K Murty. Appl. Opt. 12, 2230, (1973). "Sharpening the Fringes in the Ronchi
Test"
1973. J. C. Wyant. Appl. Opt. 12, 2057, (1973). "Double Frequency Grating Lateral
Shear Interforometer"
1973. D. Nyyssonen and J. M. Jerke. Appl. Opt. 12, 9,
2061, (1973). "Lens Testing with
a Simple Wavefront Shearing Interferometer" (Not about Ronchi testing but interpretation methods are
similar)
1974. D. Malacara and A. Cornejo. Appl. Opt. 13, 8,
1778, (1974). "Null Ronchi Test
for Aspherical Surfaces"
1974. A. S. De Vany. 13, 2, 229, (1974). "Testing the Sphericity of Short
Radii Convex Surfaces"
1974. L. Ghozeil and J. E. Simmons. 13, 8, 1773,
(1974). "Screen Test for Large
Mirrors" (Hartmann like square
grid is related in many ways to Ronchi Tests)
1974. A. S. De Vany. 13, 8, 1737, (1974). "Eight Way Classification of
Interferential Fringes - Supplement"
1974. De Vany's - Ball Bearing Sources in conjunction
with a Ronchi Grating to assess optical systems. It is impossible here to use a Grating/Grating test.
1977. George W. Hopkins and Richard N. Shagam. Appl.
Optic. 16, 10, 2602, (1977).
"Null Ronchi Grating from Spot Diagrams".
1978. De Vany. Appl. Optic. 17, 19, (1978). "Profiling Pitch
Polishers". Methods of
interpreting Ronchi tests and figuring via lap. modification. He preferred a Slit/Grating in this application
but also mentioned the possibilities
of a Grating/Grating test.
1978. Daniel Malacara and Michel Josse. Appl. Optic.
17, 1, (1978). "Testing of
Aspherical Lenses using Side Band Ronchi Test".
1979. De Vany Appl. Optic. 18, 5, (1979). Testing Schmidt Cassegrains and mentions
that if a Slit source is used, assessment may ues either a Ronchi grid or a
Knife edge.
1979, Briers, J. D.
Opt Laser Technology 11, 189 - 196. “Ronchi Test Formula : Theory”.
1972, Briers, J. D.
Opt Laser Technology 11, 245 - 257. “Ronchi Test Formula 2 : Practical
Formula and Experimental Verification”
1981. J. Schwinder. Appl. Optic. 20, 15, (1981). "Single Sideband Ronchi Tests".
1981. De Vany Appl.
Optic. Mainly about interpretation of Ronchigrams.
1984. Kevin G. Harding and Steven Cartwright. Appl.
Optic. 23, 10, 1517, (1984).
"Phase Grating use in Moire Interferometry".
1986. Krzysztof Patorski and
Alejandro-Cornejo-Rodriguez. Appl. Optic. 25, 16, 2790, (1986). "Fringe Contrast Interpretation for
an Extended Source Ronchi Test".
1986. Krzysztof Patorski. Appl. Optic. 25, 22, 4192,
(1986). "Grating Shearing
Interferometer with Variable Shear and Fringe Orientation".
1986. Krzysztof Patorski and
Alejandro-Cornejo-Rodriguez. Appl. Optic. 25, 13, 2031, (1986). "Ronchi Test with Daylight
Illumination".
1989. Qing-Shin Ru et al. Appl. Optic. 28, 15, 3350, (1989). "Constant Radial Shearing Interferometry with Circular
Gratings".
1990. Qing-Shin Ru et al. Appl. Optic. 29, 22, 3255, (1990). "Ronchi Test and a New Phase Reduction Algorithm".
1990. Alberto Cordero-Davila et al. Appl. Optic. 29, 31, 4618, (1990). "Null Hartmann and Ronchi-Hartmann
Tests".
1990. Alberto Cordero-Davila et al. Appl. Optic. 29, 25, 3633, (1990). "Analysis of the Interferometric
Ronchi Test".
1990. Jen-An Lin, T. Yeh. and S. W. HsAlberto
Cordero-Davila et al. Appl. Optic. 29,
31, 4618, (1990). "Null Hartmann
and Ronchi-Hartmann Tests".
1992. Alberto Cordero-Davila et al. Appl. Optic. 31, 13, 2370, (1992). "Ronchi and Hartmann Tests with the
Same Mathematical Theory".
1992. Kuppaswamy Venkatesan et al. Appl. Optic. 31, 28, 5984, (1992). "Direct Determination of Focal Length
by Using Talbot Interferometry".
1995. Cordero, Luna et al. Appl. Optic. AUNAM, RT - 95 - 02, (1995). "Evaluation de la Calidad de la
Imagen del Telescopio de 2.1 m"
Uses a regularly spaced array of holes in conjunction with a pinhole.
1997. Masud Mansuripur. A brief look at the Ronchi Test on the 100th
anniversary of Ronchi's birth. Uses
simulations to show typical Ronchi images using both fine and coarse grids.
1998. Cordero and Davila et al. Appl. Optic. 37, 4,
672, (1998). "Ronchi Test with a
Square Grid". Describes a two
dimensional Ronchi Test using a 2D Ronchi Grid. The reduction of surface errors over the entire aperture is
discussed.
1998. L. J.
Fellows and S. Gungor. Meas. Sci.
Technol. 9, 1963-1969, (1998).
"Fabrication of Photoresist Diffraction Gratings ....."
GOTO RONCHI INDEX